Chapter 12: Annette Baier: The Need For More Than Justice
Justice is given to us the state and develops by other humans like us who sees to protect the interest of our well being. We need to know and renew and apply those values of the past to our present. We do not need to abandoned the old ones we only to rethink it and apply it if needed. The wrong thing about Kantian extends that equal rights to all ration beings including women and minorities is that they over extend it and did not put boundaries to it. I think he would say that is only right to have equal rights to all.
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Chapter 11: John Rawls: A Theory of Justice
This principle ensures that with comparable talents and motivation face roughly similar life chances, and those inequalities in society work to the benefit of the least advantaged. I think that this kind of priority is cannot be sacrificed because it makes the inequalities gone. The first principle allows people to do whatever they want because we have equal rights and liberties. For me people can do whatever they want for, as they don’t hurt other people. I think pornography is some kind of hurting other people.
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Chapter 10: Ronald Dworkin: Taking Rights Seriously
Dworkin mean by right in the strong sense is that we need to see moral rights in a serious sense. This sense are protected by the U.S. constitution or the law and the law is the one who is the one who will protect us to the immoral things that might happen to us by other people. The first model is about balance between the rights of the individual and the demands of society. The first model is indefensible. The second model is abridging a right as much more serious as inflating one. From what I understand Dworkin chose the first model. Legal rights are based on the perspective of few people who thinks and says what they think is right and it is concrete and cannot be change except if the congress does so, while moral rights depends on each and every person. The two important ideas behind the institution of rights are the political and social. Moral rights that are not legal rights are like when going to church every Sunday and praising the lord even if you do not attend mass you won’t be held for a crime.
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Chapter 9: Joel Feinberg: The Nature and Value of Rights
Nowheresville has two views; first, what is distinctive about rights is that they enable people to make claims. The doctrine of the logical correlativity of rights and duties assert that the person rights are linked with duties and other people. Second, rights are valuable because the ability to make claims is necessary for self-respect. To have claim-rights you must have duties to perform. Feinberg explains that personal desert is kind of fittingness of one to other people or party. This will result to praising to you by other people.
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Chapter 8: Aristotle: Happiness and Virtue
Happiness for Aristotle is about virtue. He chooses virtue because it can instil in our lives even if we are still young. Aristotle explain moral virtue as the happiness that everyone is looking for. One person can get happiness if he/she is being respected by his/her workmates in their office. Aristotle characterizes life as a beast because we are humans and we are capable in doing things that we wanted to do.
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Chapter 7: Immanuel Kant: The Categorical imperative
Kant’s said that for the moral proposition to be true there must be no condition tied to it including the identity of the person and the people around him. This categorical imperative is about isolating or disconnecting the human presence surrounding the proposition also known as perfect duty. Kant’s account of good is about doing the right things to make other people happy and satisfied. That good will turns to bad when it is about evil. Hypothetical imperative is about telling us what to do in order to achieve a particular goal. The second version of categorical imperative is about imperfect duty. The two versions of categorical imperatives are different versions because the first one tackles the issue of the standards in the society while the second one says the uniqueness of every individual.
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Chapter 6: James Rachels: The Debate over Utilitarianism
The third line of defense is about finding and feeling ways that we learn form our surrounding. Nonhuman animals are just the same as we but in a lower manner of thinking. Yes, animals don’t speak but they can feel too just like us and that is enough to give them the treatment that we get.
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Chapter 5: John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism
Mill says that the principle of utility is actions or behaviours are right as long as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain. Mill reply to the objection that Epicureanism is a doctrine worthy only of swine because he doesn’t believe that everything is based on divine intervention. The higher pleasures in life from what Mill’s distinguish are the ones about intellect, imagination, and emotion. While the lower pleasures like sexually related activities of the human being.
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Chapter 4: Mary Midgley: Trying Out One’s New Sword
Mary Midgley “moral isolationism” is when a person is only know his/her own culture and does not know any other culture. He/she cannot judge other culture because he/she doesn’t know it the other culture. From one of her examples Midgley pointed that culture is depends on the customes of the country and like in Japan, the Japanese samurai custom to try their new swords to any passer by to see if their sword is sharp enough to cut trough a human body and for me culture is very different from everyone and we do not have the right to judge it until we get familiar to it.
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